Don't Disappoint

 I am under strict orders not to be on the computer for long today. I am recovering from a migraine and have an ear infection. Usually, I write my blog posts on the weekend, but this weekend was just too hectic to get it done on time. My husband keeps telling me to take it easy, but it's hard. 

There's so much to do and I don't want to disappoint anyone.

I'm writing about disappointment today because of something that happened on Friday. To protect the identity of those involved, I won't go into detail. Some students poked pencils into some of my flexible furniture while I was supporting others. When I discovered this, I didn't yell, but I asked them to stay in at recess to see if they could figure out how to get the pencils out - a consequence to match the misdeed. What I did not expect was to see two of the four students crying uncontrollably after recess was over. They realized that the pencils weren't coming out, but worse for them was they realized that I was disappointed in them. I had to make it very clear that I still liked them, that I still cared about them, and that I forgave them. At lunch time, one of them sought me out with his class teacher. He spent the hour between recess and lunch writing and drawing me a picture of remorse and an apology. I didn't expect this at all. I cried. My tears startled the student. His class teacher had to explain that Mrs. Mali wasn't sad but was happy with his effort and words. He spent the rest of the day checking on me to ensure I was okay.

The desire to satisfy and please those whose opinion matters to us is a strong one. 

Today, we had our Remembrance Day ceremony at school. Usually, our talented music teacher Connie Chan coordinates the event. Connie is off recovering from an injury and so I took up the mantle, with significant contributions and planning by our Grade 7 teacher, Lisa Daley. We wanted to do our best, for Connie's sake and for all the staff and students. It went well, considering we did not have a lot of time to rehearse. Unfortunately, because Lisa and I were making all the arrangements, I didn't get the opportunity to take any photos. It's too bad, because the students sat quietly and the choir, band, and poets worked hard. Sorry!

With my blog posts, I always include photos (that I take myself - copyright belongs to me as the photographer). I'm sharing posts of the multilingual learners in my ESL class as they went on their "directions hunt" two weeks ago. This week, they are having a quiz (that my son helped me create) to check for understanding and consolidation of the ideas. Two weeks ago, they had to find the hidden turtle by reading clues that used some of the directional words (in / on / under / behind / beside / between) we've been practicing hearing and saying.

I worry about disappointing my ESL students. They are so keen to come with me for lessons that they pepper me with questions ("Is today ESL?") and they get very disappointed if I have to cancel class because we have a shortage of supply teachers. Today, we welcomed two new students to our school. Neither speak English. This makes 4-5 Newcomer Profiles I need to complete ASAP. I may need to rejig my ESL schedule to better accommodate the students who are fluent in their home languages but require some basic English phrases so they can communicate with their teachers. If I have to demit some students to make room, I have a feeling they'll be disappointed.

I also don't want to disappoint my staff. I have a series of collaborative lessons in store and I want to ensure that "teaching in twos" happens this year and is a rewarding experience for those involved. I'll try to keep my expectations realistic, but I do put a bit of pressure on myself.

It's another busy week. I'll do my best, and try not to disappoint.

Fun with Friends and my "new" Phone

 I really wanted to tie together the idea of positive personal relationships in today's blog post, since so many of last week's adventures involved connecting with others. One day, I'll need to try feeding in all of my past blog posts into an AI LLM and see what kind of "Diana post" it churns out. However, today is not that day.

My current iPhone (an iPhone 6, I think) is on its last legs. It reminds me of the children's movie, "The Brave Little Toaster" and the rant that the objects have against "planned obsolescence". It really does feel as if the technology is pre-programmed to fail after a couple of years, in order to force me to buy a new phone. When I call home at the end of the day, my husband can only hear me 50% of the time and it's equally spotty for me trying to hear him. My texts don't always go through; it's getting a bit frustrating.

One of my ESL students asked me about the kind of phone I own. He really likes "Samsung". His current classroom teacher is probably one of the best things that has happened to this kid. She genuinely likes him and I think he senses how she feels about him, because he tries harder, acts happier, and speaks more frequently this school year than any other previous year I've witnessed. He chats with his teacher regularly and technology is a frequent topic. He was having a hard time pronouncing the Ss in "Samsung", so talking about this phone has given him extra, authentic practice making those sounds. His classroom teacher already owns a Samsung phone, so the student decided to give me a Samsung phone.

This is a very valuable phone, not because of the material cost, but because of the time and effort cost, and what it represents. This student doesn't like to write much, but he spent time writing the numbers on the keypad display and adding all the features, which he proudly pointed out to me when he gifted it to me. I make a point of trying to call him on my "new phone" and he talks a lot about how his present to me made me so happy. I think he plans on making a second phone. He was already chatting with his teacher about giving him more paper of this particular size to craft another phone.

Positive personal relationships are so important to cultivate. We need friends in our lives. 

I got to see some of my dear library friends at the Ontario Teachers Federation Curriculum Forum on Saturday, such as Julie Milan, Melanie Mulcaster, and Kate Johnson-McGregor. Kate and Melanie helped me design some questions to use for my end-of-collaboration-unit "exit tickets" to improve my impact surveys.

Melanie and I are going to be presenting a workshop next Tuesday, November 12, for Canadian School Libraries, in conjunction with Ontario School Library Association, about creating action research for Treasure Mountain Canada 8. We've been planning it online, so it was such a bucket-filler to see her happy face in person. We all can use some friends, especially when they are supporting us with our goals, like Melanie is doing with this webinar and like Joanie Proske is doing with our shared TMC8 research paper.

I usually don't go to the Curriculum Forum, but I was stepping in for my colleagues from AML, Chelsea and Neil, who had prior commitments. I was happy to attend because the facilitator was the talented and knowledgeable Moses Velasco. I swear, I become smarter every time I have a conversation with Moses. (I even said this the last time I talked about Moses on my blog, back in April!) 

Then there are my friends that I work with at my school. I've learned, from bitter prior experience, that you cannot be friends with everyone you work with in a school, but you can always be friendly. There's a difference. Our staff members have been praised, from everyone from LTOs to single-day visitors, about how friendly and welcoming we are. We pulled together to take a #redfored photo on November 1 to show our support for our union negotiators. We hope that these photos make a difference.

Photos for a greater purpose, photos for fun - this past week was Diwali and Halloween and we snapped a few fun photos to use for the yearbook. 

(Here's generous Thess Isidro, distributing her own candy to every child in the school!)

(Here's serious police officers Diana Maliszewski and Brenda Him mugging for the camera!)

Finally, even though we have to respect professional boundaries, I must say I treasure the positive relationships I have with our superintendent and with the parents in our community. This past Tuesday (October 29), we had our area superintendent visit our school in the morning, and we had a Parent Council meeting in the afternoon. I am really grateful that these people take the time out of their busy schedules to come to the school to see what's going on and to offer their help and support in various ways. 

So, thank you friends and friendly folks, for bringing the joy into my life. Thank you to people like Kerri and Serena, who have volunteered to assist me with choir, and to Lisa, who is helping me to plan the Remembrance Day assembly in Connie's absence. Work is less onerous when you have helping hands to lighten the load, and familiar faces to focus on when the going gets tough!

Supporting STEM in the SLLC and Beyond

 This past week was another busy one. I'm composing today's blog post just a few hours before it's scheduled to go live. 

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) was a common theme in last week's adventures.

Dreamer Day

On Tuesday, October 22, my dear friend Farah Wadia arranged a trip to Dreamer Day 2024 down at the Enercare Centre. The goal was to expose young women and girls to opportunities for careers in STEM fields. Every Grade 6, 7, and 8 female student in my school went, along with Ms. Wadia, Ms. Berwick, and me.

At first, the girls were shy. We encouraged them to ask questions and check out all the displays. They enjoyed collecting all the fun swag and by the end of the day were much more confident in setting their own agendas and exploring on their own. Farah learned about this opportunity by thoroughly reading TDSB guidance department emails and the whole experience was free for our students! Thank you Farah (and the sponsors of Dreamer Day) for making it possible.

First Lego League

My lunch hours have been full with supporting our school's First Lego League robotics team. I'm one of the coaches. Matthew Malisani is the other, more experienced, coach. Our team consists of about 8 students from Grades 4-6. We finally (FINALLY) got our confirmation that our team is officially registered and received our mat and parts a few weeks ago, although we've been working since late September to develop coding and building skills. Matthew built our FLL table and the team has amped up their efforts to prepare for our upcoming competition in December. I may not have the skills to program the robot to complete the "Submerged" missions, but the students do! 

STEM Classes in our STEM Lab

I see two classes for STEM instruction. Both of them are Grade 1-2s. We have been learning about the Engineering Design Process and our challenge was to find a way to connect two pieces of cardboard together without the use of anything sticky - no glue, no tape. The students would rather skip the plan and design portion and jump immediately to building, but it's important to have ideas in mind. We are close to completing these experiments.

The school library learning commons and the teacher-librarian are positioned perfectly to help make STEM / STEAM education possible, practical, and pedagogically appropriate. The library space is large enough to house equipment (and the tops of shelves have become important storage spaces for projects, not just the ones I help coordinate, but for Ms. Gomez and the Grade 2-3s she sees for STEM time as well). Going to see experts or bringing in experts enriches the experience; I didn't arrange that trip to meet women in construction, the military, or other industries but Farah did and she has her TL Part 1 AQ. 😉 Extra curricular clubs and teams that relate to STEM (and less formal gatherings like Maker Spaces) can be run in the library. One of the aspects of a FLL competition involves research, so I'm getting to flex my teacher-librarian inquiry skills muscles as I show the students how to take notes from reliable online sources, send emails to gather information from people who know things, and ask good questions.

Now I just need to use my STEM skills to design a cloning machine for myself, or at least an external battery so I don't get exhausted keeping up with all the demands that late October brings!

Happy CSLD!

 Today, Monday October 21, 2024, is Canadian School Library Day.

This is a busy time of year. It is also Media Literacy Week (October 21 - 25, 2024), which is near and dear to my heart both as the co-VP of the Association for Media Literacy as well as Canada's representative on UNESCO's Media and Information Literacy Alliance (North America & Europe chapter). I wrote about Media Literacy Week last year at this time on my blog. This time, I'll focus on Canadian School Library Day. 

Canadian School Library Day takes on added significance this year for me because I recently joined Canadian School Libraries, the organization, as an executive board member and as their lead editor for their publication, Canadian School Libraries Journal. I used to be the editor-in-chief for the award winning magazine for the Ontario School Library Association, The Teaching Librarian, from 2006-2018. I guess I'm returning to my volunteer "roots", so to speak. 

When Kim Davidson and I hosted a TDSB Teacher-Librarian Network meeting after school this past week at Banting and Best Public School (thank you Molly for offering your fantastic space!), we mentioned CSLD and brainstormed with the group about ways people could mark the occasion. I shared the idea that I'm running with for this year's event.

Monday will be a book borrowing bonanza! I've made arrangements with the board's library department to turn off my pre-set limit number and encourage students to come during both recesses (or use their library period if it falls on this day) to borrow as many books as they can carry. Usually, the library is open for morning recess only (because I need time to use the bathroom once in a while!). Usually students need a library pass (so that I'm not overwhelmed with an exceptionally large number of students in the space with me as the only supervisor). Both of these safeguards will be suspended for this single day. Have I lost all my senses? Is this a disaster waiting to happen? My friend Kim did point out to me that checking in and shelving these returns is going to be a real chore.

This is where I'm grateful for my newest adult volunteer. She comes in once a week for the afternoon and her job is to shelve books and keep the shelves in order. I won't name her here, because she is rather shy and does not want to advertise that she is doing this for me. However, she's already made such a positive difference - my book return cart isn't overflowing with neglected titles waiting to be returned to their homes on the shelves. It seems that she enjoys contributing to the school's well-being in this way. On Thursday, she brought me flowers from her garden and homemade banana chocolate chip muffins, to thank me. Really, I should be thanking her!

The library is so much more than the books - although they are definitely important. Originally, I was going to write today's blog on "STEM and stickers and swamps", so that I could discuss:

A) how the new STEM Lab (located in the library) is being actively used

B) how consumable items can really motivate students to learn (like my collection of stickers from the Sandylion Sticker Warehouse - even my principal remembers his days in the classroom with these and what a great resource this was for teachers at a great price)

C) how really energizing and delightful my recent co-teaching opportunities have been with the Grade 6s for social studies (where the swamp reference originates), the Grade 5s for science, the Grade 4-5s for social studies and the kindergartens for literary/numeracy/community. 

I'm going to resist writing at length about those three (save a snippet and a photo or two to pique curious minds) for now. I still have reports to write, assessments to complete, culminating projects to design, TMC webinars to rehearse, and TL AQ tasks to mark. The takeaway should be that school libraries are incredible hubs of learning and innovation that need the three pronged protection of strong policy, robust funding and equity of access as critical foundations for their success. Long live school libraries!

GenAI / LLMs in the SLLC

 Happy Thanksgiving to those who celebrate! I am unfortunately under the weather, so today's blog post will be relatively short and sweet. 

How do educators navigate the waters of LLMs (Large Language Models), more popularly known as Generative AI (Artificial Intelligence), in the absence of official guidelines and policies?

This is a difficult question to answer. What's allowed? What's ethical? What should be embraced and what should be avoided? (Heck, even the image that I included with this post wasn't made by me; Bitmoji put it together.)

This coming Wednesday, my friend Kim Davidson and I will be hosting a TDSB Library Network meeting and one of the topics we plan to discuss include AI. There are two recent examples I have that illustrate where we must proceed with caution and/or curiosity. 

Sound-Alike

At the OLA 2024 Super Conference, I attended a keynote session by Avery Swartz. One of the tools that she mentioned gave the ability for an individual to sound as if they were fluent in speaking a different language. I made a note to myself to investigate this particular tool.

I finally got around to exploring it. My first piece of advice comes from the AML - read the EULA (End User License Agreement). Even though these are boring and full of legalese, it is critical to understand what you are agreeing to when you use the software. In this case, the creators would be able to use my voice to train their program. I became a bit nervous about using it but was still fascinated, so I used one of my "junk" emails that isn't linked to almost anything to try it out. After making it, my next conundrum was to determine how to share it "safely". I didn't want it spread without context - which is why you won't see it on my blog. One of the AML key concepts is that audiences negotiate meaning, and I didn't want to give the "wrong impression" to others. I consulted with my administrator, and afterwards with two other teachers with expertise in technology education. They gave me some great advice which I will follow.

An interesting tangent to this story involves my son. He was interested in my process and offered to match my "lip flaps" to the words, so that it would look more realistic. I thanked him for the potential free labour, but I was actually glad to see that my mouth didn't match the sentences, so it was clear it wasn't me. When people upload videos to YouTube now, there is a section where the creator must identify if any parts of the video used "GenAI". I wonder how many people are honest about their use.

Collaborative Inquiry

At the 5th International Media Literacy Research Symposium, I attended a talk by Yonty Friesem, Estrella Luna-Monoz, and Irene Andriopoulou. In my "so what / now what" reflection, I commented that I wanted to replicate their cross-country study within my school board. I asked a few people at my TDSB TL Facilitator meeting and a few people, like Tracey Donaldson, David Hoang, and Dawn Legrow, agreed. Yonty very kindly forwarded us the prompts they used in his initial study and offered to be involved with our version too!

This venture is more about curiosity than caution. There are some tools that we'd be permitted to use with guidance in our schools, especially if they are part of a supervised, guided inquiry with our students. The purpose would be to show how LLMs can both help and hinder the writing process and to involve critical thinking when employing it in school tasks. When does it constitute cheating and when does it count as legitimate assistance? 

The same applies for teacher use. Can teachers use AI for planning, teaching, and/or assessing? If so, how much? How might student privacy be compromised if their work was inputted into a GenAI program for evaluation? We need to have frank conversations, not just about what's possible, but what's prudent.

This applies to teacher researchers too. This week and next week, I'll be part of two webinars, one for BCTLA and one for OSLA, on preparing action research papers for Treasure Mountain Canada 8, the Canadian school library think tank and research symposium. It's very important to "put in the work", as just last year, a researcher with TDSB was fired for using ChatGPT to generate citations that turned out were non-existent. I wouldn't mind having something reliable to check if I formatted my references correctly, as I'm notoriously bad at proper citation (ironic, considering I teach this as part of my TL AQs), but I think I'd rely on people (like my far-away friend Joanie Proske - who will be co-writing a paper with me this year). We shouldn't be ostriches when it comes to LLMs (even though I know it's a myth that ostriches hide their heads in the sand), but we need to go forth with an equal measure of curiosity and caution.

Total Physical Response

 Total Physical Response

On Friday, I completed my ESL Part 2 Additional Qualification course with Queen’s University. The culminating task was to share my inquiry project via a blog post. In the interest of being as authentic as possible, I’m sharing my project on my actual blog!

The Question

My question was “How might I use Total Physical Response to increase comprehension / communication with my MLL students?

Total Physical Response, or TPR for short, is a method of teaching language acquisition using a combination of words and actions. 

I had heard about TPR before but wasn’t sure about how it actually worked. I thought it would suit my particular teaching style. I like to use movements to reinforce foundational terms, such as “media” or “authority”.  I also thought it would be useful because, in my new role as half-time ESL teacher for the primary and junior students at my school, I noticed that I have a lot of students who are at STEP 1 in their English proficiency level. Those students seem to feel more comfortable speaking in Cantonese/Mandarin, because there are many students in the school who share the same language. I will not discourage the use of their home languages, but I still wanted to encourage more attempts at using English. In my AQ, there was much discussion on the “acquisition method” as well as the “learning (direct teaching) method” for language learning. How might TPR fit in?

The Literature Review 

TDSB’s Professional Library department helped me immensely in locating many peer-reviewed academic journal articles and studies connected to TPR. The creator of TPR is James Asher, an American psychologist who focused on young childrens’ linguistic interactions. He stated that young children learned how to speak by watching their parents combine words and actions to reinforce meaning. I read two of Asher’s actual studies (Asher 1966, Asher & Price 1967) and others that employed his methods from Turkey (Bulan & Kasapoglu 2021), Indonesia (Fahrurrozi 2017) and China (Tingting 2018, Rong 2021). The general consensus was that it seemed to benefit the students, although the Turkish study found no difference between using TPR or a more traditional grammar-translation method of instruction. Benefits included social-emotional ones, such as lessening anxiety and raising confidence, while learning.

The Further Questions

Good research often leads to more questions. I wondered if there were a set of specific actions that I had to learn. I considered how I could use TPR with students who were not beginners. How do we go beyond nouns and verbs? Is this TPR approach recommended? 

The Non-Academic Resources

I reached out to my friend, who was an ESL Itinerant teacher. He told me that our school board does not have an official policy related to the use of teaching with TPR (Khan, 2024). I also sought out some practical examples of educators actually using TPR. The ones that helped me were videos like from The Teacher Toolkit, NovaKid Evening Show, and Mooncake English. Seeing it in action helped, so I thought I’d put it into action by trying it out. 

The Action Part of Action Research

I decided to make some videos to demonstrate some of my attempts at using TPR with my students. However, their privacy is very important to me, so I created these videos after school without any students present. (Thanks to my daughter for being the videographer.)

1. Stop & Go

I used this with some of my earliest-stage ESL students in Grade 5, and believe it or not, they loved it and it was the start of one of my most successful lessons with them so far this year! I noticed that some of the video examples I found on YouTube suggested that we co-create the action together. This is a great idea, but with this particular group, I needed to initiate. Because they need a lot of intensive support, I regularly withdraw them from class. When I took them out and we were walking to the library, I said “Stop” and ceased walking, and put out both of my hands. I found that I needed to do that, because holding up a single hand made them think/say it was the number 5, or ask for a high-five clap! I used “Go” as the word and the paired action was two index fingers pointed in the direction I wanted them to move. We interchanged “stop” and “go” a few times in the hallway, and then I asked them to “Say” (tapping my lower lip with my index finger) it as well. Each of the three students took turns saying “Stop” and “Go” while all of us obeyed the commands. I heaped praise on them and once we finally made it to the library, I gave them each three tickets (see here for my blog post on my ESL Increasing Oral Communication Initiative).

2. I Like / You Like / We Like To Eat

Confession: when I did this with my Grade 2 ESL students, I didn’t have the physical objects with me. We made our “We Like” rainbow and needed to fill it with writing. In their notebooks, we planned on writing 5 sentences of things we liked and then choosing just one to write a “good copy” sentence on separate paper with pretty Sharpie markers. When I say “We” (not shown in this video), I make a circle-like motion to try and point to myself and the others we are talking about. I use the “thumbs up” action for “like” (even though I know in some cultures, the thumbs-up action can be seen as rude when performed a certain way). When we were brainstorming what we liked, I would confirm if we (as in, the entire group) liked a certain thing by asking, “Do you [point to the person I’m addressing] like [thumbs up] ice cream [miming the licking of an ice cream cone]?” Then I modeled “I [point to myself] like [thumbs up] ice cream [licking an ice cream cone].” The example I’ve recorded here includes an extra action, “eat” (fingers all together going towards mouth, with chewing lip movements if possible).

Even More Questions

As usual, there are still more questions I have. Back in university, I learned ASL (American Sign Language) and was close but never was certified in being Level 1. I wonder how much ASL could (or should) be used in conjunction with TPR. For instance, I know I have actions for “now” (point to my wrist like for a watch and then point down with my index finger in a single thrust)  and “later” (forming my fingers into an L shape and making a arc motion with my wrist and arm) and I think that the “later” sign comes from ASL.  I didn’t include this resource from the British Council for Teaching English but I liked the section on disadvantages. I still wonder how I could use more advanced grammar constructions as part of this approach; the examples provided from this website show more advanced work, but mainly for more advanced single terms (such as “ways of walking”) and I know from my ESL Part 2 AQ that grammar and syntax (things like English verb forms, the way questions are formed using complex verb transformations using auxiliary verbs, pronouns, conjunctions, etc.) can be really difficult for students learning English. 

I’m grateful that I completed this course. Big thanks to my instructor, Laryssa, and my fellow course participants Jennifer, Becky, Meghan and Ashley for their feedback and insightful posts.

Productive Professional Learning

 This past week, I attended two workshops. Often, school- or board-workshops can be dull or unfulfilling, but this was not the case for the two sessions this past week.

Wednesday, September 25, 2024 = TDSB TL Facilitator Orientation

What event would spur me to abandon my book fair in the middle of the big selling spree? That would be the TDSB TL Facilitator Meeting. It is so important to gather in person with other lead teacher librarians to understand the board priorities and plan the sessions we offer to other TLs in TDSB. Our acting Program Coordinator is Deb Haines. Deb did a great job of setting the tone - positive, while at the same time realistic ... purposeful and goal-driven, while at the same time personal with a dash of humor.

We also had a great review of CIVIX's Ctrl-F programs. The best part was hearing from all the other experienced TLs in the room and what they were up to in their spaces. A few of us stayed extra late to cross-reference the lists of new TLs with the new Family of School boundaries, so that we can reach out to the new TLs in our area to invite them to our upcoming meetings. 

Friday, September 27, 2024 = Robotics and STEM in our new STEM Lab

On Friday, we had a PA (Professional Activity) Day. The board gave us guidelines for what could be covered that day, but directed us to provide in-house learning. It was the perfect time to share with the educators in my school the brand new STEM Lab and all the things it has to offer.

This is not false modesty: I "co-facilitated" this workshop with the talented Matthew Malisani, but honestly, I maybe contributed about 5% of the planning for the morning. I added details to two of the 30 pages on the slide deck, I talked a bit during the presentation, and I set up the bulletin board displays in the STEM Lab. Matthew did all the rest. 

The first part of the morning was devoted to robotics. We introduced Dash Robots to the staff. The priority for this learning opportunity was for it to be hands-on. The staff learned the basics of operating the robots and then proceeded to try some challenges, such as knocking over a wall within a maze and using the robot to pop a balloon. Hopefully, we made it clear how differentiated instruction and Universal Design for Learning principles are easily interwoven into activities such as these. We also wanted to emphasize that the STEM Lab and robots are not just for teachers who have STEM in their timetables; it can be integrated into any and all subject areas. (I'm only posting photos without faces on my blog of this PD, since I didn't get permission from everyone to share.)

The second part of the morning focused on more low-tech tools. We are so lucky that Matthew is a former Design and Tech teacher. He led us through tasks that introduced tools like hand saws and c-clamps for construction. There were two challenges: first, build a 10 x 10 cm frame using jinx wood, and then, collaboratively build a bridge that humans can use so they don't interfere with turtle habitats but links two cities over a river. The accountable talk was delightful to hear, the varied products were amazing to see, and the level of collaboration was through the roof. People even stayed after the workshop was done so they could finish building their bridges.

People really responded well to the morning's agenda. They said that it was fun, engaging and helpful to know what was available. Some left the session bubbling with ideas about ways to integrate the STEM lab offerings in their upcoming units. Mission accomplished! Thanks to everyone in both the TL and AMPS workshops for their enthusiasm, planning and participation.